Graphing Data from our final product

Written by Minh Phan

The first five notebooks demonstrates the process of obtaining and combining data into our final dataset product that we use to feed in our machine learning models. This tutorial, therefore, serves to guide you through some of the fundamental functions you may use while exploring the data.

This tutorial utilizes the Xarray library. You can also use the Zarr library which is specialized in handling this type of dataset. Xarray is more well-known in the Python developer community, hence the preference. It also seamlessly handles conversion with other popular data libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and Dask.

(Install and) Import necessary libraries

! pip install cmocean

Requirement already satisfied: cmocean in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (3.0.3)
Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from cmocean) (3.7.1)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from cmocean) (1.23.5)
Requirement already satisfied: packaging in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from cmocean) (23.1)
Requirement already satisfied: contourpy>=1.0.1 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (1.0.7)
Requirement already satisfied: cycler>=0.10 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (0.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: fonttools>=4.22.0 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (4.39.4)
Requirement already satisfied: kiwisolver>=1.0.1 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (1.4.4)
Requirement already satisfied: pillow>=6.2.0 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (9.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing>=2.3.1 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (3.0.9)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.7 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (2.8.2)
Requirement already satisfied: importlib-resources>=3.2.0 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from matplotlib->cmocean) (5.12.0)
Requirement already satisfied: zipp>=3.1.0 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from importlib-resources>=3.2.0->matplotlib->cmocean) (3.15.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.7->matplotlib->cmocean) (1.16.0)

! conda install --channel conda-forge pygmt -y

Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done


==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==
  current version: 22.11.1
  latest version: 23.7.4

Please update conda by running

    $ conda update -n base -c conda-forge conda

Or to minimize the number of packages updated during conda update use

     conda install conda=23.7.4



# All requested packages already installed.

# Run in terminal
# conda create --name pygmt --channel conda-forge pygmt
# then run
# conda activate pygmt

CommandNotFoundError: Your shell has not been properly configured to use 'conda activate'.
To initialize your shell, run

    $ conda init <SHELL_NAME>

Currently supported shells are:
  - bash
  - fish
  - tcsh
  - xonsh
  - zsh
  - powershell

See 'conda init --help' for more information and options.

IMPORTANT: You may need to close and restart your shell after running 'conda init'.

import xarray as xr
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import holoviews as hv
import hvplot.xarray
import cmocean
import cartopy

import pygmt

Read data

# Change the file path accordingly
ds = xr.open_zarr('/home/jovyan/shared-readwrite/data/INDIAN_OCEAN_025GRID_DAILY.zarr/')

Slicing data

ds

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:          (time: 8523, lat: 177, lon: 241)
Coordinates:
  * lat              (lat) float32 32.0 31.75 31.5 31.25 ... -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon              (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 ... 101.5 101.8 102.0
  * time             (time) datetime64[ns] 1997-09-01 1997-09-02 ... 2020-12-31
Data variables: (12/14)
    CHL              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    CHL_uncertainty  (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    adt              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    air_temp         (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    direction        (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    sla              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    ...               ...
    u_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    u_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    ug_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    vg_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes: (12/17)
    creator_email:              minhphan@uw.edu
    creator_name:               Minh Phan
    creator_type:               person
    date_created:               2023-07-07
    geospatial_lat_max:         32.0
    geospatial_lat_min:         -12.0
    ...                         ...
    geospatial_lon_units:       degrees_east
    source:                     OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Ch...
    summary:                    Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded dat...
    time_coverage_end:          2020-12-31T23:59:59
    time_coverage_start:        2000-01-01T00:00:00
    title:                      Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Le...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 8523
  • lat: 177
  • lon: 241
• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    32.0 31.75 31.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 32.  ,  31.75,  31.5 ,  31.25,  31.  ,  30.75,  30.5 ,  30.25,  30.  ,
            29.75,  29.5 ,  29.25,  29.  ,  28.75,  28.5 ,  28.25,  28.  ,  27.75,
            27.5 ,  27.25,  27.  ,  26.75,  26.5 ,  26.25,  26.  ,  25.75,  25.5 ,
            25.25,  25.  ,  24.75,  24.5 ,  24.25,  24.  ,  23.75,  23.5 ,  23.25,
            23.  ,  22.75,  22.5 ,  22.25,  22.  ,  21.75,  21.5 ,  21.25,  21.  ,
            20.75,  20.5 ,  20.25,  20.  ,  19.75,  19.5 ,  19.25,  19.  ,  18.75,
            18.5 ,  18.25,  18.  ,  17.75,  17.5 ,  17.25,  17.  ,  16.75,  16.5 ,
            16.25,  16.  ,  15.75,  15.5 ,  15.25,  15.  ,  14.75,  14.5 ,  14.25,
            14.  ,  13.75,  13.5 ,  13.25,  13.  ,  12.75,  12.5 ,  12.25,  12.  ,
            11.75,  11.5 ,  11.25,  11.  ,  10.75,  10.5 ,  10.25,  10.  ,   9.75,
             9.5 ,   9.25,   9.  ,   8.75,   8.5 ,   8.25,   8.  ,   7.75,   7.5 ,
             7.25,   7.  ,   6.75,   6.5 ,   6.25,   6.  ,   5.75,   5.5 ,   5.25,
             5.  ,   4.75,   4.5 ,   4.25,   4.  ,   3.75,   3.5 ,   3.25,   3.  ,
             2.75,   2.5 ,   2.25,   2.  ,   1.75,   1.5 ,   1.25,   1.  ,   0.75,
             0.5 ,   0.25,   0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,
            -1.75,  -2.  ,  -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,
            -4.  ,  -4.25,  -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,
            -6.25,  -6.5 ,  -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,
            -8.5 ,  -8.75,  -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 ,
           -10.75, -11.  , -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 101.8 102.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([ 42.  ,  42.25,  42.5 , ..., 101.5 , 101.75, 102.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1997-09-01 ... 2020-12-31

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array(['1997-09-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1997-09-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1997-09-03T00:00:00.000000000', ..., '2020-12-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2020-12-30T00:00:00.000000000', '2020-12-31T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (14)
  • CHL
    (time, lat, lon)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    ancillary_variables :

    flags CHL_uncertainty

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    input_files_reprocessings :

    Processors versions: MODIS R2022.0NRT/VIIRSN R2022.0NRT/OLCIA 07.02/VIIRSJ1 R2022.0NRT/OLCIB 07.02

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Mean of the binned pixels

    standard_name :

    mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_a_in_sea_water

    type :

    surface

    units :

    milligram m-3

    valid_max :

    1000.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    CHL_uncertainty

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    coverage_content_type :

    qualityInformation

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Uncertainty estimation

    units :

    %

    valid_max :

    32767

    valid_min :

    0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    adt

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    The absolute dynamic topography is the sea surface height above geoid; the adt is obtained as follows: adt=sla+mdt where mdt is the mean dynamic topography; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Absolute dynamic topography

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    air_temp

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    2 metre temperature

    nameCDM :

    2_metre_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    2 metre temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    2t

    standard_name :

    air_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    direction

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre wind direction

    units :

    °C

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sla

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    ancillary_variables :

    err_sla

    comment :

    The sea level anomaly is the sea surface height above mean sea surface; it is referenced to the [1993, 2012] period; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Sea level anomaly

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_sea_level

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    speed

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre absolute speed

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sst

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    Sea surface temperature

    nameCDM :

    Sea_surface_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    Sea surface temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    sst

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_U_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre U wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    ug_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre V wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_V_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre V wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10v

    standard_name :

    northward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    vg_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Attributes: (17)

  creator_email :

  minhphan@uw.edu

  creator_name :

  Minh Phan

  creator_type :

  person

  date_created :

  2023-07-07

  geospatial_lat_max :

  32.0

  geospatial_lat_min :

  -12.0

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lon_max :

  102.0

  geospatial_lon_min :

  42.0

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  source :

  OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)

  summary :

  Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded data from multiple climate variables that may influence the patterns of coastal upwelling in the focused area

  time_coverage_end :

  2020-12-31T23:59:59

  time_coverage_start :

  2000-01-01T00:00:00

  title :

  Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Learning Project in Indian Ocean

We can slice data by the dimensions (latitude, longitude, time) and data variables.

# slice by latitude
# notice how we specify the range in reverse
ds.sel(lat=slice(0, -12))

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:          (time: 8523, lat: 49, lon: 241)
Coordinates:
  * lat              (lat) float32 0.0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 ... -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon              (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 ... 101.5 101.8 102.0
  * time             (time) datetime64[ns] 1997-09-01 1997-09-02 ... 2020-12-31
Data variables: (12/14)
    CHL              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    CHL_uncertainty  (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    adt              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    air_temp         (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    direction        (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    sla              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    ...               ...
    u_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    u_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    ug_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    vg_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes: (12/17)
    creator_email:              minhphan@uw.edu
    creator_name:               Minh Phan
    creator_type:               person
    date_created:               2023-07-07
    geospatial_lat_max:         32.0
    geospatial_lat_min:         -12.0
    ...                         ...
    geospatial_lon_units:       degrees_east
    source:                     OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Ch...
    summary:                    Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded dat...
    time_coverage_end:          2020-12-31T23:59:59
    time_coverage_start:        2000-01-01T00:00:00
    title:                      Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Le...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 8523
  • lat: 49
  • lon: 241
• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    0.0 -0.25 -0.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([  0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,  -1.75,  -2.  ,
            -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,  -4.  ,  -4.25,
            -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,  -6.25,  -6.5 ,
            -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,  -8.5 ,  -8.75,
            -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 , -10.75, -11.  ,
           -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 101.8 102.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([ 42.  ,  42.25,  42.5 , ..., 101.5 , 101.75, 102.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1997-09-01 ... 2020-12-31

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array(['1997-09-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1997-09-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1997-09-03T00:00:00.000000000', ..., '2020-12-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2020-12-30T00:00:00.000000000', '2020-12-31T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (14)
  • CHL
    (time, lat, lon)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    ancillary_variables :

    flags CHL_uncertainty

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    input_files_reprocessings :

    Processors versions: MODIS R2022.0NRT/VIIRSN R2022.0NRT/OLCIA 07.02/VIIRSJ1 R2022.0NRT/OLCIB 07.02

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Mean of the binned pixels

    standard_name :

    mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_a_in_sea_water

    type :

    surface

    units :

    milligram m-3

    valid_max :

    1000.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    CHL_uncertainty

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    coverage_content_type :

    qualityInformation

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Uncertainty estimation

    units :

    %

    valid_max :

    32767

    valid_min :

    0

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    adt

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    The absolute dynamic topography is the sea surface height above geoid; the adt is obtained as follows: adt=sla+mdt where mdt is the mean dynamic topography; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Absolute dynamic topography

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    air_temp

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    2 metre temperature

    nameCDM :

    2_metre_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    2 metre temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    2t

    standard_name :

    air_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    direction

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre wind direction

    units :

    °C

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sla

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    ancillary_variables :

    err_sla

    comment :

    The sea level anomaly is the sea surface height above mean sea surface; it is referenced to the [1993, 2012] period; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Sea level anomaly

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_sea_level

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    speed

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre absolute speed

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sst

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    Sea surface temperature

    nameCDM :

    Sea_surface_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    Sea surface temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    sst

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_U_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre U wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    ug_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre V wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_V_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre V wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10v

    standard_name :

    northward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    vg_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 49, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 383.94 MiB 4.50 MiB Shape (8523, 49, 241) (100, 49, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Attributes: (17)

  creator_email :

  minhphan@uw.edu

  creator_name :

  Minh Phan

  creator_type :

  person

  date_created :

  2023-07-07

  geospatial_lat_max :

  32.0

  geospatial_lat_min :

  -12.0

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lon_max :

  102.0

  geospatial_lon_min :

  42.0

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  source :

  OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)

  summary :

  Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded data from multiple climate variables that may influence the patterns of coastal upwelling in the focused area

  time_coverage_end :

  2020-12-31T23:59:59

  time_coverage_start :

  2000-01-01T00:00:00

  title :

  Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Learning Project in Indian Ocean

# slice by longitude
ds.sel(lon=slice(42, 45))

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:          (time: 8523, lat: 177, lon: 13)
Coordinates:
  * lat              (lat) float32 32.0 31.75 31.5 31.25 ... -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon              (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 ... 44.5 44.75 45.0
  * time             (time) datetime64[ns] 1997-09-01 1997-09-02 ... 2020-12-31
Data variables: (12/14)
    CHL              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    CHL_uncertainty  (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    adt              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    air_temp         (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    direction        (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    sla              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    ...               ...
    u_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    u_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    ug_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    vg_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes: (12/17)
    creator_email:              minhphan@uw.edu
    creator_name:               Minh Phan
    creator_type:               person
    date_created:               2023-07-07
    geospatial_lat_max:         32.0
    geospatial_lat_min:         -12.0
    ...                         ...
    geospatial_lon_units:       degrees_east
    source:                     OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Ch...
    summary:                    Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded dat...
    time_coverage_end:          2020-12-31T23:59:59
    time_coverage_start:        2000-01-01T00:00:00
    title:                      Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Le...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 8523
  • lat: 177
  • lon: 13
• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    32.0 31.75 31.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 32.  ,  31.75,  31.5 ,  31.25,  31.  ,  30.75,  30.5 ,  30.25,  30.  ,
            29.75,  29.5 ,  29.25,  29.  ,  28.75,  28.5 ,  28.25,  28.  ,  27.75,
            27.5 ,  27.25,  27.  ,  26.75,  26.5 ,  26.25,  26.  ,  25.75,  25.5 ,
            25.25,  25.  ,  24.75,  24.5 ,  24.25,  24.  ,  23.75,  23.5 ,  23.25,
            23.  ,  22.75,  22.5 ,  22.25,  22.  ,  21.75,  21.5 ,  21.25,  21.  ,
            20.75,  20.5 ,  20.25,  20.  ,  19.75,  19.5 ,  19.25,  19.  ,  18.75,
            18.5 ,  18.25,  18.  ,  17.75,  17.5 ,  17.25,  17.  ,  16.75,  16.5 ,
            16.25,  16.  ,  15.75,  15.5 ,  15.25,  15.  ,  14.75,  14.5 ,  14.25,
            14.  ,  13.75,  13.5 ,  13.25,  13.  ,  12.75,  12.5 ,  12.25,  12.  ,
            11.75,  11.5 ,  11.25,  11.  ,  10.75,  10.5 ,  10.25,  10.  ,   9.75,
             9.5 ,   9.25,   9.  ,   8.75,   8.5 ,   8.25,   8.  ,   7.75,   7.5 ,
             7.25,   7.  ,   6.75,   6.5 ,   6.25,   6.  ,   5.75,   5.5 ,   5.25,
             5.  ,   4.75,   4.5 ,   4.25,   4.  ,   3.75,   3.5 ,   3.25,   3.  ,
             2.75,   2.5 ,   2.25,   2.  ,   1.75,   1.5 ,   1.25,   1.  ,   0.75,
             0.5 ,   0.25,   0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,
            -1.75,  -2.  ,  -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,
            -4.  ,  -4.25,  -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,
            -6.25,  -6.5 ,  -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,
            -8.5 ,  -8.75,  -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 ,
           -10.75, -11.  , -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 44.5 44.75 45.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([42.  , 42.25, 42.5 , 42.75, 43.  , 43.25, 43.5 , 43.75, 44.  , 44.25,
           44.5 , 44.75, 45.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1997-09-01 ... 2020-12-31

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array(['1997-09-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1997-09-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1997-09-03T00:00:00.000000000', ..., '2020-12-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2020-12-30T00:00:00.000000000', '2020-12-31T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (14)
  • CHL
    (time, lat, lon)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    ancillary_variables :

    flags CHL_uncertainty

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    input_files_reprocessings :

    Processors versions: MODIS R2022.0NRT/VIIRSN R2022.0NRT/OLCIA 07.02/VIIRSJ1 R2022.0NRT/OLCIB 07.02

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Mean of the binned pixels

    standard_name :

    mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_a_in_sea_water

    type :

    surface

    units :

    milligram m-3

    valid_max :

    1000.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    CHL_uncertainty

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    coverage_content_type :

    qualityInformation

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Uncertainty estimation

    units :

    %

    valid_max :

    32767

    valid_min :

    0

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    adt

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    The absolute dynamic topography is the sea surface height above geoid; the adt is obtained as follows: adt=sla+mdt where mdt is the mean dynamic topography; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Absolute dynamic topography

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    air_temp

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    2 metre temperature

    nameCDM :

    2_metre_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    2 metre temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    2t

    standard_name :

    air_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    direction

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre wind direction

    units :

    °C

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sla

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    ancillary_variables :

    err_sla

    comment :

    The sea level anomaly is the sea surface height above mean sea surface; it is referenced to the [1993, 2012] period; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Sea level anomaly

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_sea_level

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    speed

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre absolute speed

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sst

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    Sea surface temperature

    nameCDM :

    Sea_surface_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    Sea surface temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    sst

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_U_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre U wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    ug_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre V wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_V_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre V wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10v

    standard_name :

    northward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    vg_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 74.81 MiB 898.83 kiB Shape (8523, 177, 13) (100, 177, 13) Dask graph 87 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Attributes: (17)

  creator_email :

  minhphan@uw.edu

  creator_name :

  Minh Phan

  creator_type :

  person

  date_created :

  2023-07-07

  geospatial_lat_max :

  32.0

  geospatial_lat_min :

  -12.0

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lon_max :

  102.0

  geospatial_lon_min :

  42.0

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  source :

  OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)

  summary :

  Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded data from multiple climate variables that may influence the patterns of coastal upwelling in the focused area

  time_coverage_end :

  2020-12-31T23:59:59

  time_coverage_start :

  2000-01-01T00:00:00

  title :

  Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Learning Project in Indian Ocean

# slice by time
ds.sel(time=slice('1998', '1999'))

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:          (time: 730, lat: 177, lon: 241)
Coordinates:
  * lat              (lat) float32 32.0 31.75 31.5 31.25 ... -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon              (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 ... 101.5 101.8 102.0
  * time             (time) datetime64[ns] 1998-01-01 1998-01-02 ... 1999-12-31
Data variables: (12/14)
    CHL              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    CHL_uncertainty  (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    adt              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    air_temp         (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    direction        (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    sla              (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    ...               ...
    u_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    u_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    ug_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_curr           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    v_wind           (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    vg_curr          (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes: (12/17)
    creator_email:              minhphan@uw.edu
    creator_name:               Minh Phan
    creator_type:               person
    date_created:               2023-07-07
    geospatial_lat_max:         32.0
    geospatial_lat_min:         -12.0
    ...                         ...
    geospatial_lon_units:       degrees_east
    source:                     OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Ch...
    summary:                    Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded dat...
    time_coverage_end:          2020-12-31T23:59:59
    time_coverage_start:        2000-01-01T00:00:00
    title:                      Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Le...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 730
  • lat: 177
  • lon: 241
• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    32.0 31.75 31.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 32.  ,  31.75,  31.5 ,  31.25,  31.  ,  30.75,  30.5 ,  30.25,  30.  ,
            29.75,  29.5 ,  29.25,  29.  ,  28.75,  28.5 ,  28.25,  28.  ,  27.75,
            27.5 ,  27.25,  27.  ,  26.75,  26.5 ,  26.25,  26.  ,  25.75,  25.5 ,
            25.25,  25.  ,  24.75,  24.5 ,  24.25,  24.  ,  23.75,  23.5 ,  23.25,
            23.  ,  22.75,  22.5 ,  22.25,  22.  ,  21.75,  21.5 ,  21.25,  21.  ,
            20.75,  20.5 ,  20.25,  20.  ,  19.75,  19.5 ,  19.25,  19.  ,  18.75,
            18.5 ,  18.25,  18.  ,  17.75,  17.5 ,  17.25,  17.  ,  16.75,  16.5 ,
            16.25,  16.  ,  15.75,  15.5 ,  15.25,  15.  ,  14.75,  14.5 ,  14.25,
            14.  ,  13.75,  13.5 ,  13.25,  13.  ,  12.75,  12.5 ,  12.25,  12.  ,
            11.75,  11.5 ,  11.25,  11.  ,  10.75,  10.5 ,  10.25,  10.  ,   9.75,
             9.5 ,   9.25,   9.  ,   8.75,   8.5 ,   8.25,   8.  ,   7.75,   7.5 ,
             7.25,   7.  ,   6.75,   6.5 ,   6.25,   6.  ,   5.75,   5.5 ,   5.25,
             5.  ,   4.75,   4.5 ,   4.25,   4.  ,   3.75,   3.5 ,   3.25,   3.  ,
             2.75,   2.5 ,   2.25,   2.  ,   1.75,   1.5 ,   1.25,   1.  ,   0.75,
             0.5 ,   0.25,   0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,
            -1.75,  -2.  ,  -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,
            -4.  ,  -4.25,  -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,
            -6.25,  -6.5 ,  -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,
            -8.5 ,  -8.75,  -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 ,
           -10.75, -11.  , -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 101.8 102.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([ 42.  ,  42.25,  42.5 , ..., 101.5 , 101.75, 102.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1998-01-01 ... 1999-12-31

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array(['1998-01-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1998-01-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1998-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', ..., '1999-12-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1999-12-30T00:00:00.000000000', '1999-12-31T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (14)
  • CHL
    (time, lat, lon)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    ancillary_variables :

    flags CHL_uncertainty

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    input_files_reprocessings :

    Processors versions: MODIS R2022.0NRT/VIIRSN R2022.0NRT/OLCIA 07.02/VIIRSJ1 R2022.0NRT/OLCIB 07.02

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Mean of the binned pixels

    standard_name :

    mass_concentration_of_chlorophyll_a_in_sea_water

    type :

    surface

    units :

    milligram m-3

    valid_max :

    1000.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    CHL_uncertainty

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    _ChunkSizes :

    [1, 256, 256]

    coverage_content_type :

    qualityInformation

    long_name :

    Chlorophyll-a concentration - Uncertainty estimation

    units :

    %

    valid_max :

    32767

    valid_min :

    0

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    adt

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    The absolute dynamic topography is the sea surface height above geoid; the adt is obtained as follows: adt=sla+mdt where mdt is the mean dynamic topography; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Absolute dynamic topography

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    air_temp

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    2 metre temperature

    nameCDM :

    2_metre_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    2 metre temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    2t

    standard_name :

    air_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    direction

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre wind direction

    units :

    °C

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sla

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    ancillary_variables :

    err_sla

    comment :

    The sea level anomaly is the sea surface height above mean sea surface; it is referenced to the [1993, 2012] period; see the product user manual for details

    grid_mapping :

    crs

    long_name :

    Sea level anomaly

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_sea_level

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    speed

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre absolute speed

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    sst

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    Sea surface temperature

    nameCDM :

    Sea_surface_temperature_surface

    nameECMWF :

    Sea surface temperature

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    sst

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_temperature

    units :

    K

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_U_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre U wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    ug_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    v_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre V wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_V_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre V wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10v

    standard_name :

    northward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    vg_curr

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    comment :

    Geostrophic velocities calculated from absolute dynamic topography

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    meridional geostrophic surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148

    standard_name :

    geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 118.79 MiB 16.27 MiB Shape (730, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Attributes: (17)

  creator_email :

  minhphan@uw.edu

  creator_name :

  Minh Phan

  creator_type :

  person

  date_created :

  2023-07-07

  geospatial_lat_max :

  32.0

  geospatial_lat_min :

  -12.0

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lon_max :

  102.0

  geospatial_lon_min :

  42.0

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  source :

  OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)

  summary :

  Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded data from multiple climate variables that may influence the patterns of coastal upwelling in the focused area

  time_coverage_end :

  2020-12-31T23:59:59

  time_coverage_start :

  2000-01-01T00:00:00

  title :

  Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Learning Project in Indian Ocean

# slice by variable
ds[['u_curr', 'u_wind']]

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (time: 8523, lat: 177, lon: 241)
Coordinates:
  * lat      (lat) float32 32.0 31.75 31.5 31.25 ... -11.25 -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon      (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 ... 101.2 101.5 101.8 102.0
  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1997-09-01 1997-09-02 ... 2020-12-31
Data variables:
    u_curr   (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
    u_wind   (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes: (12/17)
    creator_email:              minhphan@uw.edu
    creator_name:               Minh Phan
    creator_type:               person
    date_created:               2023-07-07
    geospatial_lat_max:         32.0
    geospatial_lat_min:         -12.0
    ...                         ...
    geospatial_lon_units:       degrees_east
    source:                     OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Ch...
    summary:                    Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded dat...
    time_coverage_end:          2020-12-31T23:59:59
    time_coverage_start:        2000-01-01T00:00:00
    title:                      Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Le...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 8523
  • lat: 177
  • lon: 241
• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    32.0 31.75 31.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 32.  ,  31.75,  31.5 ,  31.25,  31.  ,  30.75,  30.5 ,  30.25,  30.  ,
            29.75,  29.5 ,  29.25,  29.  ,  28.75,  28.5 ,  28.25,  28.  ,  27.75,
            27.5 ,  27.25,  27.  ,  26.75,  26.5 ,  26.25,  26.  ,  25.75,  25.5 ,
            25.25,  25.  ,  24.75,  24.5 ,  24.25,  24.  ,  23.75,  23.5 ,  23.25,
            23.  ,  22.75,  22.5 ,  22.25,  22.  ,  21.75,  21.5 ,  21.25,  21.  ,
            20.75,  20.5 ,  20.25,  20.  ,  19.75,  19.5 ,  19.25,  19.  ,  18.75,
            18.5 ,  18.25,  18.  ,  17.75,  17.5 ,  17.25,  17.  ,  16.75,  16.5 ,
            16.25,  16.  ,  15.75,  15.5 ,  15.25,  15.  ,  14.75,  14.5 ,  14.25,
            14.  ,  13.75,  13.5 ,  13.25,  13.  ,  12.75,  12.5 ,  12.25,  12.  ,
            11.75,  11.5 ,  11.25,  11.  ,  10.75,  10.5 ,  10.25,  10.  ,   9.75,
             9.5 ,   9.25,   9.  ,   8.75,   8.5 ,   8.25,   8.  ,   7.75,   7.5 ,
             7.25,   7.  ,   6.75,   6.5 ,   6.25,   6.  ,   5.75,   5.5 ,   5.25,
             5.  ,   4.75,   4.5 ,   4.25,   4.  ,   3.75,   3.5 ,   3.25,   3.  ,
             2.75,   2.5 ,   2.25,   2.  ,   1.75,   1.5 ,   1.25,   1.  ,   0.75,
             0.5 ,   0.25,   0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,
            -1.75,  -2.  ,  -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,
            -4.  ,  -4.25,  -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,
            -6.25,  -6.5 ,  -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,
            -8.5 ,  -8.75,  -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 ,
           -10.75, -11.  , -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 101.8 102.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([ 42.  ,  42.25,  42.5 , ..., 101.5 , 101.75, 102.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1997-09-01 ... 2020-12-31

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array(['1997-09-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1997-09-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1997-09-03T00:00:00.000000000', ..., '2020-12-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2020-12-30T00:00:00.000000000', '2020-12-31T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (2)
  • u_curr
    (time, lat, lon)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(29, 177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_U_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre U wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.35 GiB 16.27 MiB Shape (8523, 177, 241) (100, 177, 241) Dask graph 87 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Attributes: (17)

  creator_email :

  minhphan@uw.edu

  creator_name :

  Minh Phan

  creator_type :

  person

  date_created :

  2023-07-07

  geospatial_lat_max :

  32.0

  geospatial_lat_min :

  -12.0

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lon_max :

  102.0

  geospatial_lon_min :

  42.0

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  source :

  OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)

  summary :

  Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded data from multiple climate variables that may influence the patterns of coastal upwelling in the focused area

  time_coverage_end :

  2020-12-31T23:59:59

  time_coverage_start :

  2000-01-01T00:00:00

  title :

  Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Learning Project in Indian Ocean

# combine multiple slicing options all at once
ds[['u_curr', 'u_wind']].sel(time=slice('1998', '1999'), 
                             lat=slice(0, -12), 
                             lon=slice(42, 45))

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:  (time: 730, lat: 49, lon: 13)
Coordinates:
  * lat      (lat) float32 0.0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 ... -11.25 -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon      (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 43.0 ... 44.25 44.5 44.75 45.0
  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1998-01-01 1998-01-02 ... 1999-12-31
Data variables:
    u_curr   (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 49, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
    u_wind   (time, lat, lon) float32 dask.array<chunksize=(7, 49, 13), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes: (12/17)
    creator_email:              minhphan@uw.edu
    creator_name:               Minh Phan
    creator_type:               person
    date_created:               2023-07-07
    geospatial_lat_max:         32.0
    geospatial_lat_min:         -12.0
    ...                         ...
    geospatial_lon_units:       degrees_east
    source:                     OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Ch...
    summary:                    Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded dat...
    time_coverage_end:          2020-12-31T23:59:59
    time_coverage_start:        2000-01-01T00:00:00
    title:                      Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Le...

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • time: 730
  • lat: 49
  • lon: 13
• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    0.0 -0.25 -0.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([  0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,  -1.75,  -2.  ,
            -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,  -4.  ,  -4.25,
            -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,  -6.25,  -6.5 ,
            -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,  -8.5 ,  -8.75,
            -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 , -10.75, -11.  ,
           -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 44.5 44.75 45.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([42.  , 42.25, 42.5 , 42.75, 43.  , 43.25, 43.5 , 43.75, 44.  , 44.25,
           44.5 , 44.75, 45.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    (time)
    datetime64[ns]
    1998-01-01 ... 1999-12-31

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array(['1998-01-01T00:00:00.000000000', '1998-01-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1998-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', ..., '1999-12-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '1999-12-30T00:00:00.000000000', '1999-12-31T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (2)
  • u_curr
    (time, lat, lon)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 49, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    comment :

    Velocities are an average over the top 30m of the mixed layer

    coverage_content_type :

    modelResult

    depth :

    15m

    long_name :

    zonal total surface current

    source :

    SSH source: CMEMS SSALTO/DUACS SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_L4_MY_008_047 DOI: 10.48670/moi-00148 ; WIND source: ECMWF ERA5 10m wind DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 ; SST source: CMC 0.2 deg SST V2.0 DOI: 10.5067/GHCMC-4FM02

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    3.0

    valid_min :

    -3.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.77 MiB 248.83 kiB Shape (730, 49, 13) (100, 49, 13) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

    u_wind

    (time, lat, lon)

    float32

    dask.array<chunksize=(7, 49, 13), meta=np.ndarray>

    

    long_name :

    10 metre U wind component

    nameCDM :

    10_metre_U_wind_component_surface

    nameECMWF :

    10 metre U wind component

    product_type :

    analysis

    shortNameECMWF :

    10u

    standard_name :

    eastward_wind

    units :

    m s**-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.77 MiB 248.83 kiB Shape (730, 49, 13) (100, 49, 13) Dask graph 9 chunks in 4 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Attributes: (17)

  creator_email :

  minhphan@uw.edu

  creator_name :

  Minh Phan

  creator_type :

  person

  date_created :

  2023-07-07

  geospatial_lat_max :

  32.0

  geospatial_lat_min :

  -12.0

  geospatial_lat_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lat_units :

  degrees_north

  geospatial_lon_max :

  102.0

  geospatial_lon_min :

  42.0

  geospatial_lon_resolution :

  0.25

  geospatial_lon_units :

  degrees_east

  source :

  OSCAR, ERA5 Reanalysis, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS)

  summary :

  Daily mean of 0.25 x 0.25 degrees gridded data from multiple climate variables that may influence the patterns of coastal upwelling in the focused area

  time_coverage_end :

  2020-12-31T23:59:59

  time_coverage_start :

  2000-01-01T00:00:00

  title :

  Climate Data for Coastal Upwelling Machine Learning Project in Indian Ocean

Basic data graphing

We can also graph the data right from slicing, especially heatmaps from 2D arrays, or line charts. This is especially useful when we want to inspect elements on the go.

# make sure that the array you slice for a heatmap visualization is a 2D array
heatmap_arr = ds['wind_speed'].sel(time='2000-01-02')
heatmap_arr

<xarray.DataArray 'wind_speed' (lat: 177, lon: 241)>
dask.array<getitem, shape=(177, 241), dtype=float32, chunksize=(177, 241), chunktype=numpy.ndarray>
Coordinates:
  * lat      (lat) float32 32.0 31.75 31.5 31.25 ... -11.25 -11.5 -11.75 -12.0
  * lon      (lon) float32 42.0 42.25 42.5 42.75 ... 101.2 101.5 101.8 102.0
    time     datetime64[ns] 2000-01-02
Attributes:
    long_name:  10 metre absolute speed
    units:      m s**-1

xarray.DataArray

'wind_speed'

• lat: 177
• lon: 241

• dask.array<chunksize=(177, 241), meta=np.ndarray>

  Array Chunk Bytes 166.63 kiB 166.63 kiB Shape (177, 241) (177, 241) Dask graph 1 chunks in 3 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Coordinates: (3)
  • lat
    (lat)
    float32
    32.0 31.75 31.5 ... -11.75 -12.0

    long_name :

    latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 32.  ,  31.75,  31.5 ,  31.25,  31.  ,  30.75,  30.5 ,  30.25,  30.  ,
            29.75,  29.5 ,  29.25,  29.  ,  28.75,  28.5 ,  28.25,  28.  ,  27.75,
            27.5 ,  27.25,  27.  ,  26.75,  26.5 ,  26.25,  26.  ,  25.75,  25.5 ,
            25.25,  25.  ,  24.75,  24.5 ,  24.25,  24.  ,  23.75,  23.5 ,  23.25,
            23.  ,  22.75,  22.5 ,  22.25,  22.  ,  21.75,  21.5 ,  21.25,  21.  ,
            20.75,  20.5 ,  20.25,  20.  ,  19.75,  19.5 ,  19.25,  19.  ,  18.75,
            18.5 ,  18.25,  18.  ,  17.75,  17.5 ,  17.25,  17.  ,  16.75,  16.5 ,
            16.25,  16.  ,  15.75,  15.5 ,  15.25,  15.  ,  14.75,  14.5 ,  14.25,
            14.  ,  13.75,  13.5 ,  13.25,  13.  ,  12.75,  12.5 ,  12.25,  12.  ,
            11.75,  11.5 ,  11.25,  11.  ,  10.75,  10.5 ,  10.25,  10.  ,   9.75,
             9.5 ,   9.25,   9.  ,   8.75,   8.5 ,   8.25,   8.  ,   7.75,   7.5 ,
             7.25,   7.  ,   6.75,   6.5 ,   6.25,   6.  ,   5.75,   5.5 ,   5.25,
             5.  ,   4.75,   4.5 ,   4.25,   4.  ,   3.75,   3.5 ,   3.25,   3.  ,
             2.75,   2.5 ,   2.25,   2.  ,   1.75,   1.5 ,   1.25,   1.  ,   0.75,
             0.5 ,   0.25,   0.  ,  -0.25,  -0.5 ,  -0.75,  -1.  ,  -1.25,  -1.5 ,
            -1.75,  -2.  ,  -2.25,  -2.5 ,  -2.75,  -3.  ,  -3.25,  -3.5 ,  -3.75,
            -4.  ,  -4.25,  -4.5 ,  -4.75,  -5.  ,  -5.25,  -5.5 ,  -5.75,  -6.  ,
            -6.25,  -6.5 ,  -6.75,  -7.  ,  -7.25,  -7.5 ,  -7.75,  -8.  ,  -8.25,
            -8.5 ,  -8.75,  -9.  ,  -9.25,  -9.5 ,  -9.75, -10.  , -10.25, -10.5 ,
           -10.75, -11.  , -11.25, -11.5 , -11.75, -12.  ], dtype=float32)

  • lon
    (lon)
    float32
    42.0 42.25 42.5 ... 101.8 102.0

    long_name :

    longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([ 42.  ,  42.25,  42.5 , ..., 101.5 , 101.75, 102.  ], dtype=float32)

  • time
    ()
    datetime64[ns]
    2000-01-02

    axis :

    T

    comment :

    Data is averaged over the day

    long_name :

    time centered on the day

    standard_name :

    time

    time_bounds :

    2000-01-01 00:00:00 to 2000-01-01 23:59:59

    array('2000-01-02T00:00:00.000000000', dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Indexes: (2)
  • lat
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([  32.0,  31.75,   31.5,  31.25,   31.0,  30.75,   30.5,  30.25,   30.0,
            29.75,
           ...
            -9.75,  -10.0, -10.25,  -10.5, -10.75,  -11.0, -11.25,  -11.5, -11.75,
            -12.0],
          dtype='float32', name='lat', length=177))

  • lon
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([  42.0,  42.25,   42.5,  42.75,   43.0,  43.25,   43.5,  43.75,   44.0,
            44.25,
           ...
            99.75,  100.0, 100.25,  100.5, 100.75,  101.0, 101.25,  101.5, 101.75,
            102.0],
          dtype='float32', name='lon', length=241))

• Attributes: (2)

  long_name :

  10 metre absolute speed

  units :

  m s**-1

2D array graphing with matplotlib

By default, graphing arrays with Xarray is done using matplotlib.

For 2D arrays we have multiple options to choose for our graphs

Heatmaps

heatmap_arr.plot.imshow()

Contour maps

# contour map with no filling
heatmap_arr.plot.contour()

# contour map with color filling
heatmap_arr.plot.contourf()

Surface plot

heatmap_arr.plot.surface()

1D array graphing with Matplotlib

Line plots

We can also plot line graphs if our data is presented in 1D arrays. For the example below, we average our wind speed over the whole area and plot it over time. Matplotlib automatically infers what graph to create if you don’t explicitly call which one to. This piece of code below is a demonstration:

ds['wind_speed'].mean(dim=['lat', 'lon']).plot(figsize=(10, 5))

We can add in parameters to customize our graphs, as additional arguments are passed to the underlying matplotlib plot() function.

ds['air_temp'].mean(dim=['lat', 'lon']).sel(time=slice('2007', '2009')).plot.line('r-o', figsize=(10,5), markersize=1)

Histogram

# creating a new Axe object if there is no currently
# available one
ax = plt.gca() 
ds['wind_dir'].plot.hist(ax = ax)
ax.set_xlabel('10 metre wind direction (degrees east)')
ax.set_ylabel('frequency')
ax.set_title('Daily average wind direction distribution over covered area (1979-2022)')

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Daily average wind direction distribution over covered area (1979-2022)')

Graphing with holoviews

Xarray also support graphing using holoviews if you want interactive visualizations.

# scroll along the axes to stretch the graph
heatmap_arr.hvplot().options(cmap='bgy', width=600, height=500)

Maps

Sometimes we want to identify areas in which our data may behave differently. One of the best ways to do this is to create maps.

Coastline mapping

Coastlines can help us separate land and ocean area. We can plot the coastline for our region of interest without using any data.

geo_axes = plt.axes(projection=cartopy.crs.PlateCarree())
# add stock image
# geo_axes.stock_img()
geo_axes.set_extent([42, 102, -12, 32])
geo_axes.coastlines()

We can also apply the coastline onto our data. The example below shows a heatmap with the coastline drawn on top of it

topo = xr.open_dataset('/home/jovyan/shared-readwrite/data/INDIAN_OCEAN_HQ_TOPO.nc')

fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=cartopy.crs.PlateCarree()))
topo.topo.plot.imshow(ax=ax)
ax.add_feature(cartopy.feature.COASTLINE)

Topography mapping

We also have a topography dataset that spans the same grid as our final dataset. At the moment of writing this moment, this dataset has not been incoporated into the latter one yet, as you have seen earlier in this notebook that we have to import it separately.

We can use this dataset to visualize the topography through contour maps.

topo

<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions:    (latitude: 5281, longitude: 7201)
Coordinates:
  * latitude   (latitude) float64 32.0 31.99 31.98 31.98 ... -11.98 -11.99 -12.0
  * longitude  (longitude) float64 42.0 42.01 42.02 42.03 ... 102.0 102.0 102.0
Data variables:
    topo       (latitude, longitude) float32 349.0 352.0 ... -3.727e+03

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • latitude: 5281
  • longitude: 7201
• Coordinates: (2)
  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    32.0 31.99 31.98 ... -11.99 -12.0

    _CoordinateAxisType :

    Lat

    actual_range :

    [-89.99166667 90. ]

    axis :

    Y

    ioos_category :

    Location

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([ 32.      ,  31.991667,  31.983333, ..., -11.983333, -11.991667,
           -12.      ])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    42.0 42.01 42.02 ... 102.0 102.0

    _CoordinateAxisType :

    Lon

    actual_range :

    [-180. 179.99166667]

    axis :

    X

    ioos_category :

    Location

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([ 42.      ,  42.008333,  42.016667, ..., 101.983333, 101.991667,
           102.      ])

• Data variables: (1)
  • topo
    (latitude, longitude)
    float32
    349.0 352.0 ... -3.727e+03

    colorBarMaximum :

    8000.0

    colorBarMinimum :

    -8000.0

    colorBarPalette :

    Topography

    grid_mapping :

    GDAL_Geographics

    ioos_category :

    Location

    long_name :

    Topography

    standard_name :

    altitude

    units :

    meters

    array([[  349.,   352.,   351., ...,  3313.,  2918.,  2786.],
           [  349.,   351.,   351., ...,  3538.,  3142.,  3249.],
           [  351.,   353.,   351., ...,  3497.,  3352.,  3515.],
           ...,
           [-2651., -2653., -2657., ..., -3197., -3361., -3517.],
           [-2654., -2657., -2661., ..., -3318., -3472., -3616.],
           [-2658., -2661., -2666., ..., -3450., -3594., -3727.]], dtype=float32)

• Indexes: (2)
  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([               32.0,  31.991666666666667,  31.983333333333334,
                        31.975,   31.96666666666667,  31.958333333333336,
            31.950000000000003,   31.94166666666667,  31.933333333333337,
            31.925000000000004,
           ...
           -11.924999999999997, -11.933333333333337, -11.941666666666663,
           -11.950000000000003, -11.958333333333329, -11.966666666666669,
           -11.974999999999994, -11.983333333333334,  -11.99166666666666,
                         -12.0],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=5281))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([              42.0, 42.008333333333326,  42.01666666666665,
           42.025000000000006,  42.03333333333333,  42.04166666666666,
            42.04999999999998,  42.05833333333334,  42.06666666666666,
            42.07499999999999,
           ...
           101.92500000000001, 101.93333333333334, 101.94166666666666,
           101.94999999999999, 101.95833333333331, 101.96666666666664,
           101.97500000000002, 101.98333333333335, 101.99166666666667,
                        102.0],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=7201))

• Attributes: (0)

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2,1, figsize=(8, 12))
topo_contour = topo.topo.plot.contour(levels=12, ax=ax1, cmap='coolwarm')
topo_contourf = topo.topo.plot.contourf(levels=12, ax=ax2, cmap='coolwarm', label='')
# add label in line
# ax.clabel(topo_contour, inline=1, fontsize=10)

hue1, color1 = topo_contour.legend_elements()
hue2, color2 = topo_contourf.legend_elements()
ax1.legend(hue1, color1, loc='center left', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 0.5))
ax1.set_aspect('equal')
ax2.set_aspect('equal')
# ax2.get_legend().set_visible(False)

/srv/conda/envs/notebook/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xarray/plot/dataarray_plot.py:2141: UserWarning: The following kwargs were not used by contour: 'label'
  primitive = ax.contourf(x, y, z, **kwargs)

Exporting the contour lines to graph on other datasets:

# extract lines from contour paths
lines = []
for contour_path in topo_contour.collections:
    for path in contour_path.get_paths():
        lines.extend(path.to_polygons())

len(lines)

12327

We want to graph the topography lines on top of this heatmap. Can we do this with matplotlib?

Let’s take a look of the contour lines generated from matplotlib.pyplot.contour() function: it returned a list of PathCollection objects containing elevent different contour types based on elevation (each with a different color). Each elevation has multiple “lines” as each of the line denotes an elevation mark.

topo_contour.collections

<a list of 11 PathCollection objects>

len(topo_contour.collections[0].get_paths())

0

len(topo_contour.collections[2].get_paths())

30

In the example below, we graph the contour lines back onto the original contour maps.

fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 7))
topo.topo.plot.imshow(ax=ax1)
for contour in topo_contour.collections[2:9]:
    for path in contour.get_paths():
        for line in path.to_polygons():
            ax1.scatter(line[:,0], line[:, 1], color='black', s=0.1) # graph some of the contours (as dots)

topo.topo.plot.imshow(ax=ax2)
for line in lines:
    ax2.scatter(line[:,0], line[:, 1], color='black', s=0.5) # graph all contours (as dots)
    
ax1.set_aspect('equal')
ax2.set_aspect('equal')

# very weird lines
ax = plt.gca()
topo.topo.plot.imshow(ax=ax)
for line in lines[:1200]: # there is an order of the lines sorted by topography height
    ax.plot(line[:,0], line[:, 1], color='black', markersize=0.1)

Creating topography contour maps with pygmt

Because of the weird lines caused by the connection of the open-ended paths, we want to experiment with some other packages.

# Load Earth relief grids (topography and bathymetry) in various resolutions.
# get contour grid
grid = pygmt.datasets.load_earth_relief(resolution="15m", region=[42, 102, -12, 32])
fig = pygmt.Figure()
# add the heatmap first
fig.grdimage(topo.topo, region='42/102/-12/32', cmap='topo', projection='M4i') # mercator projection
# and then the contour map on top of it
fig.grdcontour(grid=grid,
              annotation='1000+f6p', # font 6p
              interval=1000,
              limit=[-5000, 0],
              projection='M4i',
              pen="a0.15p") # 0.15 point
fig.show()

# coastline only
fig2 = pygmt.Figure()
fig2.grdimage(topo.topo, region='42/102/-12/32', cmap='topo', projection='M4i')
fig2.coast(
    region='42/102/-12/32',
    projection='M4i',
    shorelines=True
)
fig2.colorbar()
fig2.show()

# wind direction
grid = pygmt.datasets.load_earth_relief(resolution="15m", region=[42, 102, -12, 32])

fig3 = pygmt.Figure()
fig3.grdimage(ds.v_wind.isel(time=0), region='42/102/-12/32', projection='M4i')
fig3.grdcontour(grid=grid,
              annotation='1000+f6p', # font 6p
              interval=1000, # every 1000m elevation
              limit=[-5000, 0],
              projection='M4i',
              pen="a0.15p") # 0.15 point
fig3.coast(
    region='42/102/-12/32',
    projection='M4i',
    shorelines="1p,black,solid"
)
fig3.colorbar()
fig3.show()

# wind direction
fig3 = pygmt.Figure()
fig3.grdimage(ds.direction.isel(time=0), region='42/102/-12/32', projection='M4i')
fig3.coast(
    region='42/102/-12/32',
    projection='M4i',
    shorelines=True
)
fig3.colorbar()
fig3.show()

fig, ax = plt.subplots(subplot_kw=dict(projection=cartopy.crs.PlateCarree()))
ds.wind_dir.isel(time=0).plot.imshow(ax=ax)
ax.set_aspect('equal')
ax.add_feature(cartopy.feature.COASTLINE)